Rename folder for clarity

examples/devcontainers/backend/app/controllers/users_controller.ts

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+import type { HttpContext } from '@adonisjs/core/http'
+import User from '#models/user'
+export default class UsersController {
+  public async index({ request }: HttpContext) {
+    const page = request.input('page', 1)
+    return User.query().paginate(page)
+  }
+}

examples/devcontainers/backend/app/exceptions/handler.ts

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+import app from '@adonisjs/core/services/app'
+import { HttpContext, ExceptionHandler } from '@adonisjs/core/http'
+
+export default class HttpExceptionHandler extends ExceptionHandler {
+  /**
+   * In debug mode, the exception handler will display verbose errors
+   * with pretty printed stack traces.
+   */
+  protected debug = !app.inProduction
+
+  /**
+   * The method is used for handling errors and returning
+   * response to the client
+   */
+  async handle(error: unknown, ctx: HttpContext) {
+    return super.handle(error, ctx)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The method is used to report error to the logging service or
+   * the third party error monitoring service.
+   *
+   * @note You should not attempt to send a response from this method.
+   */
+  async report(error: unknown, ctx: HttpContext) {
+    return super.report(error, ctx)
+  }
+}

examples/devcontainers/backend/app/middleware/auth_middleware.ts

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+import type { HttpContext } from '@adonisjs/core/http'
+import type { NextFn } from '@adonisjs/core/types/http'
+import type { Authenticators } from '@adonisjs/auth/types'
+
+/**
+ * Auth middleware is used authenticate HTTP requests and deny
+ * access to unauthenticated users.
+ */
+export default class AuthMiddleware {
+  /**
+   * The URL to redirect to, when authentication fails
+   */
+  redirectTo = '/login'
+
+  async handle(
+    ctx: HttpContext,
+    next: NextFn,
+    options: {
+      guards?: (keyof Authenticators)[]
+    } = {}
+  ) {
+    await ctx.auth.authenticateUsing(options.guards, { loginRoute: this.redirectTo })
+    return next()
+  }
+}

examples/devcontainers/backend/app/middleware/container_bindings_middleware.ts

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+import { Logger } from '@adonisjs/core/logger'
+import { HttpContext } from '@adonisjs/core/http'
+import type { NextFn } from '@adonisjs/core/types/http'
+
+/**
+ * The container bindings middleware binds classes to their request
+ * specific value using the container resolver.
+ *
+ * - We bind "HttpContext" class to the "ctx" object
+ * - And bind "Logger" class to the "ctx.logger" object
+ */
+export default class ContainerBindingsMiddleware {
+  handle(ctx: HttpContext, next: NextFn) {
+    ctx.containerResolver.bindValue(HttpContext, ctx)
+    ctx.containerResolver.bindValue(Logger, ctx.logger)
+
+    return next()
+  }
+}

examples/devcontainers/backend/app/middleware/force_json_response_middleware.ts

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+import type { HttpContext } from '@adonisjs/core/http'
+import type { NextFn } from '@adonisjs/core/types/http'
+
+/**
+ * Updating the "Accept" header to always accept "application/json" response
+ * from the server. This will force the internals of the framework like
+ * validator errors or auth errors to return a JSON response.
+ */
+export default class ForceJsonResponseMiddleware {
+  async handle({ request }: HttpContext, next: NextFn) {
+    const headers = request.headers()
+    headers.accept = 'application/json'
+
+    return next()
+  }
+}

examples/devcontainers/backend/app/middleware/guest_middleware.ts

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+import type { HttpContext } from '@adonisjs/core/http'
+import type { NextFn } from '@adonisjs/core/types/http'
+import type { Authenticators } from '@adonisjs/auth/types'
+
+/**
+ * Guest middleware is used to deny access to routes that should
+ * be accessed by unauthenticated users.
+ *
+ * For example, the login page should not be accessible if the user
+ * is already logged-in
+ */
+export default class GuestMiddleware {
+  /**
+   * The URL to redirect to when user is logged-in
+   */
+  redirectTo = '/'
+
+  async handle(
+    ctx: HttpContext,
+    next: NextFn,
+    options: { guards?: (keyof Authenticators)[] } = {}
+  ) {
+    for (let guard of options.guards || [ctx.auth.defaultGuard]) {
+      if (await ctx.auth.use(guard).check()) {
+        return ctx.response.redirect(this.redirectTo, true)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return next()
+  }
+}

examples/devcontainers/backend/app/middleware/silent_auth_middleware.ts

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+import type { HttpContext } from '@adonisjs/core/http'
+import type { NextFn } from '@adonisjs/core/types/http'
+
+/**
+ * Silent auth middleware can be used as a global middleware to silent check
+ * if the user is logged-in or not.
+ *
+ * The request continues as usual, even when the user is not logged-in.
+ */
+export default class SilentAuthMiddleware {
+  async handle(
+    ctx: HttpContext,
+    next: NextFn,
+  ) {
+    await ctx.auth.check()
+
+    return next()
+  }
+}

examples/devcontainers/backend/app/models/user.ts

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+import { DateTime } from 'luxon'
+import hash from '@adonisjs/core/services/hash'
+import { compose } from '@adonisjs/core/helpers'
+import { BaseModel, column } from '@adonisjs/lucid/orm'
+import { withAuthFinder } from '@adonisjs/auth/mixins/lucid'
+
+const AuthFinder = withAuthFinder(() => hash.use('scrypt'), {
+  uids: ['email'],
+  passwordColumnName: 'password',
+})
+
+export default class User extends compose(BaseModel, AuthFinder) {
+  @column({ isPrimary: true })
+  declare id: number
+
+  @column()
+  declare fullName: string | null
+
+  @column()
+  declare email: string
+
+  @column({ serializeAs: null })
+  declare password: string
+
+  @column.dateTime({ autoCreate: true })
+  declare createdAt: DateTime
+
+  @column.dateTime({ autoCreate: true, autoUpdate: true })
+  declare updatedAt: DateTime | null
+}